Society & Culture

Social science and culture

Society & CultureSeptember 29, 2026

Global greenhouse gas cobenefits of US irrigated agriculture.

Land use and land conversion for agriculture contribute nearly a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making the sector a key priority for emissions reductions. Crop yields are one factor that modulate agricultural land demand, with, all else equal, global land use change increasing with yield declines and decreasing with yield gains. Therefore, agricultural practices drive both direct, on-farm emissions, and indirect land use change emissions through yield effects. Here, we couple

Society & CultureSeptember 27, 2026

Cerebellar microcircuits enable robust evidence-based decisions through cortico-cerebellar coupling.

The cerebellum is increasingly implicated in perceptual decision-making, yet it remains unclear how the cerebellar cortex can support sparse evidence accumulation over behavioral time scales without assuming cortical-style dense local excitatory recurrence. We present a biologically constrained modeling framework showing that cerebellar microcircuits can implement graded accumulation and competition in the absence of such recurrence. In our model, type-II Purkinje-neuron excitability generates f

Society & CultureSeptember 25, 2026

Loss of neuronal population organization links pathology to behavior in a model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are typically described at two levels: the accumulation of molecular pathology and the emergence of cognitive impairment. Understanding the relationship between pathology, often studied in animal models, and human cognition will require measurements spanning intermediate scales, including single neurons, neuronal populations, and distributed networks. Here we combine longitudinal measurements of behavior and neuronal population activity with fluid and hi

Society & CultureSeptember 22, 2026

Deconstruction of lysergic acid diethylamide.

Of the classic psychedelics, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps the best-known, but its complex chemical architecture has limited synthetic investigations aimed at generating analogues with improved safety and efficacy profiles. Here, we systematically deconstruct the tetracyclic ergoline core of LSD to create 9 simplified ergoline analogues (i.e., ergologs) and evaluate them in pharmacological assays relevant to 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor function. Our work revealed the key mo

Society & CultureSeptember 15, 2026

A role for self-regulatory control in the absence of ingroup preference.

One of psychology's most ubiquitous findings is that of robust ingroup preference, an explicitly stated human preference for the groups to which we belong. The advent of implicit measures of social cognition introduced a paradoxical result: Compared to members of higher-status groups, members of lower-status groups often show no implicit ingroup preference, sometimes even showing outgroup preference, a result rarely observed on explicit measures. Prevailing theories have provided macro-level acc

Society & CultureSeptember 15, 2026

Facial palsy reveals the sensorimotor contribution to facial-emotion recognition.

Although recognizing emotions from facial expressions appears effortless, the field is divided between vision-based accounts, which posit matching to learned visual templates, and embodied accounts, which posit recruitment of facial motor circuits. We propose an ambiguity-gated, developmentally calibrated architecture in which the recognition system draws on sensorimotor information primarily when visual evidence is insufficient, with early motor experience proposed to shape the threshold and ga

Society & CultureSeptember 15, 2026

Identifiability of Bayesian models of perception.

Inferring the underlying computational processes from behavioral measurements is a fundamental approach in cognitive science and neuroscience. Although Bayesian decision theory has become a major normative framework for modeling perception and cognition, it is unclear to what extent its modeling components (i.e., prior belief, likelihood function, and loss function) can be recovered from behavioral data. Here, we systematically investigated the problem of inferring such Bayesian models from beha

Society & CultureSeptember 10, 2026

Discovery of an intrinsic non-Hermitian phase transition in a bulk condensed-matter system

Across regular phase transitions, systems remain in thermal equilibrium. However, when a system is driven far from equilibrium, non-Hermitian phase transitions may arise where the dynamical behavior—rather than steady properties—undergoes a qualitative change at a critical, so-called exceptional point. We experimentally realize a non-Hermitian phase transition in a bulk condensed-matter system. Optical excitation creates charge carriers in ferromagnetic europium monoxide. In a temperature-depend

Society & CultureSeptember 8, 2026

Brain metabolic correlates of heroin addiction severity during abstinence and heroin versus social seeking: A PET study in rats.

Only a subset of heroin users develop addiction, characterized by binge-like heroin use and preference for heroin over other rewards, including social rewards. We recently established a rat model that captures these features. We trained rats to lever-press for social interaction and heroin (or saline, control) infusions and then tested heroin and social seeking and heroin-vs.-social choice. During 3 to 5 abstinence weeks, we used 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomograp

Society & CultureSeptember 8, 2026

Retinotopic remapping of the visual system in deaf adults.

The absence of input from one sense can lead to a greater emphasis on the remaining senses, resulting in heightened performance. Numerous behavioral studies demonstrate that adults who have been deaf from an early age have superior visual sensitivity, particularly to far-peripheral stimuli. We asked whether the increased demand on peripheral vision throughout development that comes with early, profound deafness might be reflected in changes in early visual brain structures. Using functional MRI,

Society & CultureAugust 25, 2026

4000-year-old painted plaque from Southeast Indonesia reveals Austronesian Painting Tradition preceded Neolithic pottery.

The Austronesian dispersal is the largest such event in human history, with descendants of people from Taiwan colonizing islands from Rapa Nui to Madagascar. The extent to which this dispersal was facilitated by an economic package or a particular ideology is uncertain. The "Austronesian Painting Tradition" (APT) is a distinctive rock art style dominated by paintings of small human figures, boats, and geometric motifs found in eastern Wallacea and islands around New Guinea. The age of the APT is

Society & CultureAugust 25, 2026

A spinoreticular pathway mediates nocifensive responses to noxious mechanical stimuli.

Spinal projection neurons (SPNs) relay somatosensory information to the brain, yet how molecularly defined SPN subsets transmit noxious mechanical signals to drive nocifensive behaviors remains unclear. Here, we identify Sncg -expressing SPNs ( Sncg + SPNs) that convey noxious mechanical signals through a spinoreticular ascending pathway. Using intersectional genetics, anatomical tracing, and pathway-specific manipulations in mice, we show that Sncg + SPNs project predominantly to the parabrachi

Society & CultureAugust 20, 2026

Genomes of Poaceae relatives reveal key metabolic innovations preceding the evolution of grasses.

The grass family (Poaceae) has immense economic and ecological importance and exhibits distinctive metabolic traits, including dual starch and lignin biosynthetic pathways. We sequenced the genomes of Pharus , Joinvillea , Ecdeiocolea , and Typha species to investigate when and how these metabolic innovations evolved relative to the origin of the grass family. The rho whole-genome duplication (ρWGD) within the lineage that led to the last common ancestor of all grasses contributed to the g

Society & CultureAugust 12, 2026

Cascading continental-scale floods across Europe in 1342-1343.

Europe has experienced extreme floods in recent decades. However, even larger floods are possible and must be considered in flood risk management 1,2 . Their characteristics can be clarified by analysing the largest documented historical floods. In Central Europe, the Magdalena Flood of July 1342 is usually considered the largest of the last millennium; however, knowledge of its characteristics is incomplete 3-7 . Here we show that 16 major flood events occurred across much of Europe between lat

Society & CultureAugust 12, 2026

Neural basis of compositional control.

Naturalistic goal-directed behaviour often involves continuous actions directed at dynamically changing goals 1-3 . Just as microeconomics serves as a rigorous foundation for discrete choices, control theory can serve as a foundation for understanding choice in continuous ones 3,4 . In continuous contexts, behaviour is composed of blends of goals, and the closest analogue to choice is a strategic reweighting of goal-specific control policies 5,6 . Here, to understand the algorithmic and neural b

Society & CultureAugust 11, 2026

Large-FOV, dual-region, two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (LD-2P-FLIM) for multiparameter and quantitative brain function imaging.

Large-scale imaging of multiple dynamic behaviors and quantitative neurochemical concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution is essential for understanding complex brain functions. Two-photon microscopy (TPM) is ideally suited for in vivo brain function imaging because of its high resolution and deep tissue penetration. However, conventional TPM is limited by a restricted field-of-view (FOV), an inherent trade-off between the imaging area and temporal resolution, and an insufficient amoun

Society & CultureAugust 4, 2026

Christopher A. Sims (1942-2026): Paradigm-shifting macroeconomist and econometrician.

Christopher A. Sims, who died on March 14, 2026, left behind an indelible mark on macroeconomics and econometrics. His Nobel Prize winning research reshaped the paradigm for empirical macroeconomics, creating a rigorous and flexible framework for inferring the effects of macroeconomic policies. He also made important contributions to time series forecasting, Bayesian econometrics, factor modeling, approximation theory, and models of monetary and fiscal policy. Few academics have had as direct an

Society & CultureAugust 4, 2026

Social dynamics of AI adoption in parents' educational decisions.

When adopting a performance-enhancing technology offers short-run relative advantages, competitive pressure can drive diffusion even if most adopters would prefer a collective ban. We study this dynamic in the context of unrestricted AI tools for teenagers' education. In preregistered, incentive-compatible experiments with approximately 2,000 parents in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, we elicit willingness to pay for a three-month premium subscription to a leading general-purp

Society & CultureAugust 3, 2026

Optimizing infectious disease mitigation under dynamic conditions

Mitigation measures are essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases during pandemics and epidemics, but they impose considerable societal, individual, and economic costs. We developed a general framework that combines simulation of disease dynamics with optimal control to determine mitigation strategies that balance infection and mitigation costs. Optimizing this trade-off, we identified three surprising effects: first, assuming a constant reproduction number R 0 , the optimal re

Society & CultureJuly 30, 2026

Stereoselective Epimerization of 1,3-Diols Using a Chiral Hydrogen Atom Abstraction Catalyst.

The 1,3-diol unit is an extremely important functional group motif, and significant effort has gone into development of methods to access it with definition of relative and absolute stereochemistry. Conventionally, stereochemical complexity is built up in a stepwise manner alongside functional group interconversion. It is interesting to consider an unconventional approach whereby the diol may be synthesized nonselectively and the stereoisomers "descrambled" by a chiral catalyst in a subsequent s

Society & CultureJuly 28, 2026

The social-class gap in negotiation: Lower-class individuals negotiate less and face more backlash.

Economic inequality has widened considerably in the United States and globally, raising pressing questions about the mechanisms that reproduce social stratification. One prominent manifestation of this inequality is the "class ceiling" in organizations: individuals from lower social classes earn less and advance more slowly than their higher-class counterparts, even with comparable credentials. We identify a crucial behavioral pathway contributing to this class ceiling: a social-class gap in the

Society & CultureJuly 27, 2026

Dynamic Coordination-Enabled Metal-Dependent Configurational Switching in a Covalent Organic Framework.

The synthesis of crystalline materials capable of precise and chemically triggered structural transformations remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a dynamic coordination-mediated strategy for constructing a highly stable bis-acylhydrazone-linked covalent organic framework, COF-LIFM20-Zn, featuring an adjustable U-shaped pentadentate Zn coordination center. The dynamic coordination behavior of Zn 2+ enables reversible interconversions between U- and W-shaped configurations through d

Society & CultureJuly 27, 2026

Anionic Passivation Enables Reconstruction-Free Seawater Electrolysis.

Nonoxide electrocatalysts hold great promise for high-efficiency seawater oxidation, yet their practical application is hindered by the inevitable surface reconstruction and pronounced corrosion under high anodic potentials. Herein, we solve this longstanding challenge by developing a rational anionic ligand passivation strategy that stabilizes phosphide lattices against oxidative degradation while preserving inherent electrocatalytic activity. Leveraging Lewis acid-base interactions, we grow an

Society & CultureJuly 21, 2026

Developmental divergence in voice-reward circuitry differentiates autistic from typically developing children and adolescents.

Adolescence is a period of profound social change marked by a developmental shift in attention and motivation from parents toward nonfamilial peers. Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by lifelong challenges in social communication. However, the neurobiological signatures of adolescent social reorientation in autism are poorly understood. Human voice processing is a primary driver of social learning and communication, but it remains understudied in the autism literature, parti

Society & CultureJuly 21, 2026

Response duration tracks confidence.

The timing of behavioral responses is among the most robust signatures of cognitive processing-with easier, more accurate, and more confident judgments typically made more quickly. But which aspects of response timing carry these signals? Whereas the time taken to initiate a response (e.g., the interval between stimulus onset and keypress) is one of the most popular and informative measures in experimental psychology, another aspect of response timing is its duration (e.g., how long the key is h

Society & CultureJuly 17, 2026

Stereodynamism in Pentacoordinate Al(Salen) Catalysts.

M(Salen) complexes are totemic in asymmetric catalysis on account of the generality and selectivity that they confer. Consequently, the development of unifying models to place the function of these disruptive actors on a structural foundation is essential to sustain innovation. Motivated by the transformative effect that the Jacobsen catalyst (M = Al) has had on contemporary synthesis, a thorough three-dimensional structural investigation of the solution phase behavior of Al(Salen) complexes is

Society & CultureJuly 17, 2026

Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction with Low-Index Cu Single Crystals: Selectivity Trends in Alkaline Solution.

Electrochemical nitrate (NO 3 - ) reduction is a promising pathway toward the production of ammonia (NH 3 ). While copper (Cu) electrodes are commonly used for this reaction, the influence of Cu surface structure on reaction selectivity is poorly understood. Here, we performed electrochemical NO 3 - reduction in alkaline electrolytes with Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111) single-crystal electrodes and quantified the product distributions across a range of applied potentials. Our systematic study of

Society & CultureJuly 14, 2026

Multiplexing in networks and diffusion.

We study multiplexing-the extent to which people have multiple, distinct types of relationships with the same others. We document empirical multiplexing patterns in Indian village data. We show that relationships such as socializing, advising, helping, and lending are correlated but distinct, while commonly used proxies for networks based on ethnicity and geography are nearly uncorrelated with actual relationships. We also show that these layers and their overlap affect information diffusion in

Society & CultureJuly 14, 2026

Spontaneous phase separation and pattern formation in a lyotropic nematic mixture.

Lyotropic liquid crystals can display rich phase behavior and self-organization, yet the physical principles underlying their self-assembly into large scale patterns remains understudied. Here, we combine theory, simulations, and experiments on Sunset Yellow-water chromonic mixtures to show that such materials spontaneously phase separate, even without assuming any underlying microscopic attraction between the molecular species. In our minimal model, demixing depends solely on the Onsager-like c

Society & CultureJuly 8, 2026

Large language models can predict the results of social science experiments.

There is growing interest in how large language models (LLMs) can advance social and behavioural science 1-5 . Previous work has assessed LLMs' ability to predict survey responses 6-9 , but less is known about whether they can predict the outcomes of social science experiments 10 , particularly those absent from training data. Here we built an archive of 70 preregistered, nationally representative survey experiments in the USA involving 469 experimental effects and 119,330 participants. We